Liquefaction-Induced Uplift of a Shallow Buried Tunnel Subject to Multiple Shakings

In active earthquake zones, it is very likely that the structures would experience multiple shakings in a major seismic event. For underground structures, the soil-structure interactions and the resultant dynamic responses could vary significantly according to the characteristics of the shakings. In this paper, the scenario of a shallow buried tunnel in liquefiable ground subject to multiple shakings is studied. The OpenSees platform and the PM4Sand constitutive model are employed to construct a plane-strain numerical model, where a rectangular tunnel is buried in saturated Hostun sand. Its validity is verified by the data from a centrifuge test. The numerical soil-structure system is then configured for further investigation on the subject matter. The influence of the permeability coefficient on the responses of the tunnel in liquefiable ground is then discussed.