Oral Anticoagulants in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: Tradition or Innovation?

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) can complicate the clinical course of patients with acute pulmonary embolism, with a variable prevalence of 0.5–4%. Beyond specific therapeutic strategies, including pulmonary endarterectomy, balloon pulmonary angioplasty and pulmonary vasodilators, lifelong anticoagulation still represents the mainstay of treatment for this condition. The main historical experience supports the use of vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) in CTEPH patients; conversely, the efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in this setting are unclear. Growing experience, mainly from small studies and registries, is improving our knowledge, showing that DOACs may represent a valid and promising alternative to warfarin in CTEPH patients. Therefore, in the management of cases with a newly diagnosed CTEPH, clinicians are very often in the difficult position of (a) having to choose which anticoagulant to initiate in anticoagulant-naïve patients or (b) having to evaluate whether it is necessary to switch to a VKA in patients already on DOACs. This article aims to critically summarize the current evidence comparing DOACs and VKAs in CTEPH, discussing their efficacy and safety profiles and exploring their clinical applicability.