Perceived Proficiency in a Second Language and Immigrant Integration: Evidence From Naples, Southern Italy

This study examines the determinants of perceived second language proficiency among immigrants, focusing on Italian-language proficiency in the urban context of Naples, Southern Italy. While migrant integration has been widely investigated, the linguistic dimension remains comparatively underexplored, particularly with regard to the interaction between structural conditions and identity-related factors. The analysis is based on original survey data collected from people of foreign origin living in Naples belonging to different national groups. A composite index of perceived Italian-language proficiency is constructed from self-assessed skills (understanding, speaking, reading, and writing) using a principal component approach. The determinants of perceived language proficiency are examined through weighted multiple linear regression models including demographic characteristics, migration trajectories, social networks, socio-economic integration, and ethnic identity profiles. The results show that proficiency is positively associated with earlier age at arrival, longer duration of residence (with diminishing returns), and higher educational attainment. Exposure-related factors, particularly the composition of friendship networks, are also strongly associated with language outcomes. Socio-economic integration emerges as a significant predictor, while identity profiles display differentiated effects, with an integrated profile associated with higher proficiency. Overall, the findings indicate that perceived language acquisition is shaped by the combined influence of demographic, socio-economic, and relational factors.