Genepolide, a Sesterpene Gamma-Lactone with a Novel Carbon Skeleton from Mountain Wormwood (Artemisia umbelliformis)

The sesterpene γ-lactone genepolide (5) has been isolated from a Swiss horticultural variety of mountain wormwood (Artemisia umbelliformis) developed as a thujones-free alternative to native Western Alps wormwoods for the production of liqueurs. Genepolide is the formal Diels-Alder adduct of the exomethylene-γ-lactone costunolide (2) and the diene myrcene (6), two poorly reactive partners in cycloaddition reactions, and its structure was elucidated through a combination of spectroscopic methods. An investigation on the thermal stability of mixtures of 2 and 6, as well as considerations on the sensitivity of 2 to Br0nsted and Lewis acids, suggests that 5 is a genuine natural product and that the Swiss chemotype of A. umbelliformis contains Diels-Alderase enzymatic activity that is lacking in native mountain wormwoods from Western Alps. Remarkable differences in thermal and acid-catalyzed reactions of the cyclodecadiene moiety of 2 and 5 suggest that quaternarization at C-11 has far-reaching effects on the reactivity of their homoconjugated medium-sized diene system. The wide occurrence of this structural motif in sesquiterpenoids makes this issue worth a systematic investigation.