Structure and Stability of Higher-Order Human Telomeric Quadruplexes

G-quadruplex formation in the sequences 5’-(TTAGGG)n and 5’(TTAGGG)nTT (n=4,8,12) was studies using circular dichroism, sedimentation velocity, differential scanning calorimetry and molecular dynamics simulations. Sequences containing 8 and 12 repeats formed higher-order structures with two and three contiguous quadruplexes, respectively. The most plausible structures for these sequences were determined by molecular dynamics simulations followed by experimental testing of predicted hydrodynamic properties by sedimentation velocity. The most plausible structures featured folding of the strand into contiguous quadruplexes with mixed hybrid conformations. Thermodynamic studies showed the strands folded spontaneous to contain the maximum number contiguous quadruplexes. For the sequence 5’(TTAGGG)12TT, more than 90% of the strands contained completely folded structures with three quadruplexes. Statistical mechanical-based deconvolution of thermograms for three quadrupruplex structures showed that each quadruplex melted independently with unique thermodynamic parmameters. Thermodynamic analysis revealed further that quadruplexes in higher-ordered structures were destabilized relative to their monomeric counterparts, with unfavorable coupling free energies. Quadruplex stability thus depends critically on the sequence and structural context.