Assessment of the top soils degree of contamination in the Sarno river basin, south Italy

The Sarno River basin area is one of the most polluted in Europe and it is due to thewaste products of the tomato industry, the leather tanneries and the pharmaceutical industry. This area also has been densely populated and urbanized since the Middle Bronze Age, as testified by the presence of numerous archaeological sites, including the ancient Pompeii town, and environmental degradation that characterizes the area is absolutely unacceptable. This paper represents a detailed study to assess the potentially harmful elements (PHEs) content of topsoils. In total, 283 soil samples were collected and analysed, after an aqua regia extraction, by a combination of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for 53 elements. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out in order to show the single-element geochemical distribution and the distribution of factor scores of the elemental associations resulting from R-mode factor analysis. Maps showing elements and the association factor score distributions have been obtained using GeoDAS and ArcGIS software. The assessment of the soil contamination was also carried out using the contamination factor and degree of contamination. The results obtained indicate that soils pollution has different anthropogenic sources. Specifically, Cr pollution derive from tanneries discharging wastewaters in the main water bodies of the basin while Cu contamination seems to depend by widespread agricultural practices. Tin, Pb, Hg, Zn, Cd, Sb anomalies are found mainly in urban and industrial areas, sometimes close to roads with high traffic levels while there is a substantial coincidence with background values for other elements (Co, Ni, Se, Tl and V).