Essential and current methods for a practical approach to comparative neuropathology

The understanding of mechanisms that provoke neurological diseases in humans and in animals has progressed rapidly in recent years, mainly due to the advent of new research instruments and our increasing liability to assemble large, complex data sets acquired across several approaches into an integrated representation of neural function at the molecular, cellular, and systemic levels. Nevertheless, morphology always represents the essential approaches that are crucial for any kind of interpretation of the lesions or to explain new molecular pathways in the diseases. This mini-review has been designed to illustrate the newest and also well-established principal methods for the nervous tissue collection and processing as well as to describe the histochemical and immunohistochemical staining tools that are currently most suitable for a neuropathological assessment of the central nervous system. We also present the results of our neuropathological studies covering material from 170 cases belonging to 10 different species of mammals. Specific topics briefly addressed in this paper provide a technical and practical guide not only for researchers that daily focus their effort on neuropathology studies, but also to pathologists who occasionally have to approach to nervous tissue evaluation to answer questions about neuropathology issues.