Euro-Growth references for length, weight, and body circumferences. Euro-Growth Study Group

Background: Several concerns have been raised by World Health Organization (WHO) expert groups regarding the adequacy of currently existing growth references, including those currently supported by WHO. As part of a concerted action of the European Union, new references were developed that were based on a well-defined sample of the European population and were compared with existing references. Methods: During the longitudinal, observational multicenter study, anthropometric measurements using standardized methodology were performed in 2245 children between 1 and 36 months of age, and sex- and age-specific growth references for recumbent length, weight, mid-upper arm, thigh, and calf circumferences were developed. Results: The validity of the curve-fitting programs was demonstrated by comparing the selected sex-specific percentile distributions for all indices with the smoothed references. Comparison with the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)WHO references for length and weight for age indicated that the -2 z-score value of the WHO reference as cutoff value shows that a substantial part of the children with suspected failure to thrive should be classified as normal. The references also indicate that the mid-upper arm circumference is age and sex dependent and that a single cutoff value for children less than 5 years of age should no longer be used. Mid-parental height was the best single predictor of recumbent length until 36 months of age. Conclusions: The Euro-Growth references that were developed reflect growth of a well-defined, large cohort of healthy infants and can be used 30 for international comparisons