Determinants of R&D Cooperation by Partner: Evidence From Italy

We provide evidence on the determinants of R&D cooperation in Italy, using an extremely rich dataset. It allows us to improve the literature, building robust explanatory variables, and disaggregating the cooperation by partner and some explicatory variables by source. We find that, while subsidies facilitate R&D cooperation independently of the partner, not only do orders from a source increase the probability that firms cooperate with that source, but also that they tend to discourage cooperation with other partners. Moreover, in the public sector subsides and orders show substitutability, in the private sector complementarity