Numerical and experimental investigations on the particle formation in oxymethylene ethers (OMEn, n = 2−4)/ethylene premixed flames

Alternative synthetic fuels can be produced by renewable energy sources and represent a potential route for solving long-term energy storage. Among them, oxygenated fuels have the advantage of significantly reducing pollutant emissions and can therefore be used as carbon-neutral substitute fuels for transportation. In this work, the sooting propensity of different oxymethylene ethers (OMEs) is investigated using a combined experimental and numerical study on a series of burner-stabilized premixed flames under mild to severe sooting conditions. Herein, mixtures of ethylene in combination with the three individual oxymethylene ether (OMEn) for n=2,3,4 are compared in terms of soot formation behavior with pure ethylene flames. The kinetic mechanism from Sun et al. (Proc. Combust. Inst. 36 (2017) 1269–1278) for OMEn combustion with n=1,2,3 is extended to include OME4 decomposition and combustion kinetics. It is combined with a detailed quadvariate soot model, which uses the Conditional Quadrature Method of Moments (CQMOM), and the soot simulation results are validated with Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) and Laser-Induced Incandescence (LII) measurements. It is observed that the three investigated OMEn with n=2,3,4 show similar sooting behavior, mainly reducing larger aggregates while not significantly affecting the formation of smaller particles. Furthermore, the extent of soot reduction is comparable among the three OMEn. The trends and overall reduction are captured very well by the model. The modeling results are analyzed through reaction pathway analyses and sensitivity studies that show the importance of OMEn decomposition and the formation of formaldehyde (CH2O) under rich conditions for reducing species relevant for soot precursor formation. These findings are based on the negligible differences in soot formation between the different OMEn fuels observed in this study.