Distribution and probabilistic consumer risk assessment of heavy metals, bisphenol A and phthalate esters in Mytilus galloprovincialis from Naples coastal waters

Coastal areas are subject to increasing anthropogenic pressure that leads to the release of contaminants into the marine environment, with potential implications for human health. Bivalve molluscs are recognized as ideal bioindicators for assessing the accumulation of toxic chemicals in marine ecosystems. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of twelve heavy metals, six phthalates, and bisphenol A in Mytilus galloprovincialis collected from three different sites in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Naples, to assess their occurrence and related health risks. Analyses were performed using ICP-MS for metals, HPLC with fluorescence detection for bisphenol A, and GC-MS for phthalate esters. Risk assessment was carried out using the Hazard Quotient and Lifetime Cancer Risk. The results showed lead, cadmium, and mercury levels below the maximum limits established by European regulations. However, arsenic and nickel levels indicated potential health risks. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, diethyl phthalate, and dibutyl phthalate were detected, whereas bisphenol A was below the detection limit. Principal Component Analysis revealed site-specific contamination patterns, suggesting localized sources of anthropogenic origin. As a key bioindicator, M. galloprovincialis findings underscore the need for long-term monitoring with contaminant speciation and ecological metrics to safeguard food safety and marine sustainability.