Smart Nudging in Education: The Impact of Voice-Based Robots on Value Co-Creation

This study investigates the role of voice-based educational robots in fostering value co-creation focusing on how their personalised and adaptive interactions affect students’ learning practices and outcomes. Grounded in a theory-driven abductive methodology, the research draws on data from three empirical studies involving 270 undergraduate students who engaged with the voice-based robot Abii. Data collection methods included student diaries, focus groups, and participant observations, analysed through an integrated approach combining narrative analysis, text mining, and sentiment analysis. The findings reveal that the voice-based robot significantly enhances learning by providing personalised, real-time feedback and facilitating interactive, adaptive experiences. These robots broaden access to resources, extend student engagement, and augment learner agency, resulting in both hedonic and utilitarian value outcomes. By adopting a service-oriented lens, the study contributes to the literature on educational technology, offering fresh insights into how voice-enabled smart nudging can reshape value co-creation processes in education.