Definition and validation of a valley amplification factor for seismic linear response of 2D homogeneous alluvial basins

The paper presents fndings from a parametric study analysing geometric (e.g., shape ratio, edge inclination) and stratigraphic factors (e.g. impedance ratio) infuencing ground motion in trapezoidal valleys. The study involved 2160 visco-elastic analyses, considering 180 2D models with diverse shapes and soil properties, undergoing 12 synthetic input motions. Analyses results showed that the motion at the valley centre increases with both shape and impedance ratios, while it is independent of the edge slope; on the other hand, the maximum amplifcation at the edges depends on their inclination and on the impedance ratio, while it is independent of the valley shape. The position and size of the zone of maximum amplifcation at the edges depend on all the previous parameters. A valley amplifcation factor (VAF) is introduced to quantify spectral acceleration increase due to 2D efects. Closed-form equations are proposed to evaluate VAF based on valley properties. The proposed VAF is then applied to predict seismic amplifcation in two central Italian valleys, providing results well-comparable to those obtained from 2D numerical analyses. The described approach can be easily implemented into codes of practice as a conservative design tool to estimate 2D amplifcation along the surface of ‘shallow valleys’ subjected to moderate seismic actions