Stuck or sluggish fermentations in home-made beers: Beyond the surface

In the last several years, the popularity of homebrewed beers has skyrocketed. However, this type of product is extremely vulnerable to microbial deterioration. Twelve homemade beers, some characterized by defects or stuck fermentation, were analysed by using a polyphasic approach encompassing culturomics and culture-independent techniques to better understand mechanisms that drive microbiota evolution throughout production and to highlight determinants responsible for crowning with success. Two sour beers, one apple-flavoured ale, two Italian grape ales, and seven standard ales were sampled. Microbiological characterization was obtained by plating on nine different media coupled with High- throughput sequencing analysis of fungal and bacterial communities by targeting ITS1–2 and the V3–V4 re- gions of the 16S rRNA, respectively. 2 7 TotalmicrofloraonPCAlargelyvariedamongsamples,rangingfrom<10 CFU/mLuptoaround10 CFU/mL often reflecting yeast counts on WL and LM. LAB population's levels on MRS and SDBm did not overlap, with the counts on the latter being even 5 Log CFU/mL greater. Acetic Acid bacteria were retrieved in Sour beers, as well as in one IGA, even though acetic acid was not detectable by HPLC in this last sample. Brettanomyces spp. were only found in sour beers, as expected, whereas Enterobacteriaceae were never counted. A total of 63 yeasts were randomly isolated from countable plates. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Wick- erhamomyces anomalus were the most frequently isolated species. In many cases, Interdelta analysis biotyping of S. cerevisiae isolates consistently allowed the detection of the starter strain. By HST S. cerevisiae dominated the mycobiota in four samples, even if in one of them residual maltose and ethanol contents suggested a stuck fermentation. W. anomalus was found to be the dominant species in two beers. Fifty-five LAB cultures were isolated and identified. Pediococcus damnosus was the only species retrieved in sour beers and two Ales, while Levilactobacillus brevis was found in two Ale samples. HTS did not confirm this result in one Ale sample since the genus Panotea spp. accounted for over 90 % of the microbiota. Enterobac- teriaceae which were never counted dominated the microbiome of two Ale beers. Biogenic amines content largely varied with three Ale samples greatly contaminated. Based on chemical and microbiological outcomes only one beer ASAle out of 12 could be considered acceptable. Furthermore, the widespread presence of LAB by culturomics and Enterobacteriaceae by HTS raises concerns about the final products' safety.